Land+Cover

The DOPA computes global land cover statistics and land cover change statistics at the country, ecoregion and protected area levels for the epochs 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and with a resolution of 300m For this purpose, we use the following datasets
 * Climate Change Initiative Land Cover (CCI-LC). Product User Guide Version 2.0 [] (accessed on 1 December 2017).
 * UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2017). Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) [On-line], [October/2017], Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: [|www.protectedplanet.net].

The core Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) proposed is developed by the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and is given hereafter:


 * ~ cat_value ||~ value_description ||~ R ||~ G ||~ B ||
 * 0 || No data || 0 || 0 || 0 ||
 * 10 || Cropland, rainfed || 255 || 255 || 100 ||
 * 11 || Herbaceous cover || 255 || 255 || 100 ||
 * 12 || Tree or shrub cover || 255 || 255 || 0 ||
 * 20 || Cropland, irrigated or post-flooding || 170 || 240 || 240 ||
 * 30 || Mosaic cropland (>50%) / natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<50%) || 220 || 240 || 100 ||
 * 40 || Mosaic natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (>50%) / cropland (<50%) || 200 || 200 || 100 ||
 * 50 || Tree cover, broadleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%) || 0 || 100 || 0 ||
 * 60 || Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) || 0 || 160 || 0 ||
 * 61 || Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed (>40%) || 0 || 160 || 0 ||
 * 62 || Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, open (15-40%) || 170 || 200 || 0 ||
 * 70 || Tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%) || 0 || 60 || 0 ||
 * 71 || Tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, closed (>40%) || 0 || 60 || 0 ||
 * 72 || Tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, open (15-40%) || 0 || 80 || 0 ||
 * 80 || Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) || 40 || 80 || 0 ||
 * 81 || Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed (>40%) || 40 || 80 || 0 ||
 * 82 || Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, open (15-40%) || 40 || 100 || 0 ||
 * 90 || Tree cover, mixed leaf type (broadleaved and needleleaved) || 120 || 130 || 0 ||
 * 100 || Mosaic tree and shrub (>50%) / herbaceous cover (<50%) || 140 || 160 || 0 ||
 * 110 || Mosaic herbaceous cover (>50%) / tree and shrub (<50%) || 190 || 150 || 0 ||
 * 120 || Shrubland || 150 || 100 || 0 ||
 * 121 || Shrubland evergreen || 120 || 75 || 0 ||
 * 122 || Shrubland deciduous || 150 || 100 || 0 ||
 * 130 || Grassland || 255 || 180 || 50 ||
 * 140 || Lichens and mosses || 255 || 220 || 210 ||
 * 150 || Sparse vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<15%) || 255 || 235 || 175 ||
 * 151 || Sparse tree (<15%) || 255 || 200 || 100 ||
 * 152 || Sparse shrub (<15%) || 255 || 210 || 120 ||
 * 153 || Sparse herbaceous cover (<15%) || 255 || 235 || 175 ||
 * 160 || Tree cover, flooded, fresh or brakish water || 0 || 120 || 90 ||
 * 170 || Tree cover, flooded, saline water || 0 || 150 || 120 ||
 * 180 || Shrub or herbaceous cover, flooded, fresh/saline/brakish water || 0 || 220 || 130 ||
 * 190 || Urban areas || 195 || 20 || 0 ||
 * 200 || Bare areas || 255 || 245 || 215 ||
 * 201 || Consolidated bare areas || 220 || 220 || 220 ||
 * 202 || Unconsolidated bare areas || 255 || 245 || 215 ||
 * 210 || Water bodies || 0 || 70 || 200 ||
 * 220 || Permanent snow and ice || 255 || 255 || 255 ||

Aggregation levels
Using expert's knowledge, we further used 3 aggregation levels the above classes in the following way to ease the interpretation of the main changes. The lowest aggregation level (3) corresponds to the original 22 global classes. The second one (level 2) shows 14 classes and the last one (level 1) covers only 4 classes. The aggregation rules are given hereafter.


 * ~ lc1_code ||~ lc1 ||~ lc2_code ||~ lc2 ||~ lc3_code ||~ lc3 ||~ lc_code ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 1 || Tree cover, broadleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%) || 50 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 2 || Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) || 62 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 2 || Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) || 61 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 2 || Tree cover, broadleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) || 60 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 3 || Tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%) || 72 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 3 || Tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%) || 71 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 3 || Tree cover, needleleaved, evergreen, closed to open (>15%) || 70 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 4 || Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) || 82 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 4 || Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) || 81 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 4 || Tree cover, needleleaved, deciduous, closed to open (>15%) || 80 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 1 || Tree cover || 5 || Tree cover, mixed leaf type (broadleaved and needleleaved) || 90 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 2 || Shrubland || 6 || Shrubland || 122 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 2 || Shrubland || 6 || Shrubland || 121 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 2 || Shrubland || 6 || Shrubland || 120 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 3 || Grassland || 7 || Grassland || 130 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 4 || Lichens and mosses || 8 || Lichens and mosses || 140 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 5 || Mosaic tree, shrub and herbaceous cover || 9 || Mosaic tree and shrub (>50%) / herbaceous cover (<50%) || 100 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 5 || Mosaic tree, shrub and herbaceous cover || 10 || Mosaic herbaceous cover (>50%) / tree and shrub (<50%) || 110 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 6 || Sparse vegetation || 11 || Sparse vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<15%) || 153 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 6 || Sparse vegetation || 11 || Sparse vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<15%) || 152 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 6 || Sparse vegetation || 11 || Sparse vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<15%) || 151 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 6 || Sparse vegetation || 11 || Sparse vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<15%) || 150 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 7 || Bare areas || 12 || Bare areas || 202 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 7 || Bare areas || 12 || Bare areas || 201 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 7 || Bare areas || 12 || Bare areas || 200 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 8 || Wetland, tree cover || 13 || Tree cover, flooded, fresh water || 160 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 8 || Wetland, tree cover || 14 || Tree cover, flooded, saline water or brackish water || 170 ||
 * 1 || Natural / semi-natural land || 9 || Wetlands, shrub or herbaceous cover || 15 || Shrub or herbaceous cover, flooded, fresh/saline/brackish water || 180 ||
 * 2 || Mosaic natural / managed land || 10 || Mosaic natural vegetation / cropland || 16 || Mosaic natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (>50%) / cropland (<50%) || 40 ||
 * 2 || Mosaic natural / managed land || 10 || Mosaic natural vegetation / cropland || 17 || Mosaic cropland (>50%) / natural vegetation (tree, shrub, herbaceous cover) (<50%) || 30 ||
 * 3 || Cultivated / managed land || 11 || Cropland || 18 || Cropland, rainfed || 12 ||
 * 3 || Cultivated / managed land || 11 || Cropland || 18 || Cropland, rainfed || 11 ||
 * 3 || Cultivated / managed land || 11 || Cropland || 18 || Cropland, rainfed || 10 ||
 * 3 || Cultivated / managed land || 11 || Cropland || 19 || Cropland, irrigated or post-flooding || 20 ||
 * 3 || Cultivated / managed land || 12 || Urban areas || 20 || Urban areas || 190 ||
 * 4 || Water / snow and ice || 13 || Water bodies || 21 || Water bodies || 210 ||
 * 4 || Water / snow and ice || 14 || Permanent snow and ice || 22 || Permanent snow and ice || 220 ||

We use two main scripts to process the data.
 * 1) **esa_script1.sh** creates GRASS Location (ESA) based on sampled dataset (ESA LC) with following parameters:
 * EPSG 4326
 * 90,-90, -180, 180
 * e-w resol: 0:00:10
 * n-s resol: 0:00:10
 * cols: 129600
 * rows: 64800
 * 1) the second script (**esa_script2.sh**) executes GRASS commands performing the following tasks
 * 2) create mapsets
 * 3) allows access to all mapsets
 * 4) import LC (epochs 1995,2000,2005,2010,2015) in ESALC_1995_2015 mapset
 * assign categories and colors the the imported maps
 * 1) create LC1 maps as reclass of epoch 1995 and 2015 according to the aggregation level shown above
 * assign categories and colors the the reclassed maps
 * 1) import WDPA FLAT (six slices) in WDPA mapset (//to be updated for each run//)
 * patch the six slices in one real global map
 * assign NULL value to 0 value cells; assign category and color to flat WDPA
 * delete the temporay slices of WDPA
 * 1) Create a GRASS/POSTGIS connection within the mapset POSTGIS